TaskForcer: Restraint Chamber for Operant Conditioning
High-throughput behavioral testing systems that enable real-time measurements of neural activity with unprecedented precision.
Obtain precise real-time measurements of neural circuits during operant conditioning.
The TaskForcer is ideal for examining neural circuit mechanisms during a variety of operant tasks. In the TaskForcer, animals learn to pull a lever to receive a water reward under partial restraint.The stainless steel chamber prevents movement, with the exception of the eyes, mouth and forepaws. Unlike traditional operant tests where the operandum and reward are separate, the TaskForcer utilizes a lever with an integrated water spout for quicker learning. Animals learn the task in just 3 days. (Kimura et al., 2009).
The TaskForcer comes with Operant TaskStudio software that allows researchers to easily program their own tasks.
- Precisely monitor neural activity simultaneously alongside behavior
- Animals learn to pull a lever for a water reward in just 3 days, so you can start experiments quickly
- Compatible with existing in vivo electrophysiology and advanced imaging methods
- Compatible with sound/visual/odor stimuli and optogenetic stimulation
- Cables and speakers are electromagnetically shielded for electrophysiology recording
What is unique about the TaskForcer and spout lever?
One of the most challenging questions in Neuroscience is understanding how neural circuits give rise to behaviors in the living, moving animal. Advanced neurophysiological techniques such as in vivo whole cell recordings, optogenetics and two-photon microscopy now provide a means to image awake animals under head-fixation. However, head-fixation can often inhibit learning and decrease performance on behavioral tasks. This makes it challenging to monitor neural circuits in vivo while animals perform operant training.
In traditional operant conditioning, the lever (operandum) and reward system are separate. The TaskForcer contains a unique “spout lever” in which the lever and reward spout are integrated into one device to allow for more efficient learning. This “spout-lever” also allows the experimenter to precisely monitor neural activity during operant learning because the animal can still obtain the reward under head-fixation. This technology makes it easy to precisely monitor and manipulate neural circuits in vivo during a variety of behaviors and operant conditioning paradigms.
Specifications : Maximum stroke = 18 mm; Minimum force = 2 g
Components
Ohara-Mouse-Restrainer
Mouse Restraint (23, 25 or 28D mm)
Ohara-Rat-Restrainer
Rat Restraint (60D mm)
Ohara-Rat-Restrainer_ex_open
Open Restrainer
Ohara-Licking-Unit-with-Adaptor
Spout Lever with Adapter (Max stroke: 18.8 mm; Min torque: 2 g)
Ohara-Lever-Setting-Unit
Lever Setting Unit
Ohara-Outbox
Outbox
Ohara-TaskForcer-Sound-Stimulation-Unit
Sound Stimulation Unit
Ohara-TaskForcer-Interface_front
Interface Front View
Ohara-TaskForcer-Interface_back
Interface Back View
Ohara-TaskForcer-HeadFixationUnit
Head-Fixation Unit for Behavior
Ohara-task-forcer-water_supply_unit
Water Supply Unit (Range: 1-7 µL per lick)
Ohara-TaskForcer-GonioUnit_imaging
Gonio Unit for Imaging
Ohara-TaskForcer-RestrainerAdapter
Restrainer Plus Adaptor
Ohara-TaskForcer-WholeSetwithGonio
TaskForcer with Gonio Unit for Imaging
Ohara-TaskForcer-WithStereoTaxic-edit
TaskForcer with Stereotaxic Setup for Neural Recording
Software: Operant Test Design Examples
Applications
Learning and memory
Motor skill Learning
Addiction/Motivation
Application Note:
Stable whole cell recordings in motor cortex during motor skills learning.
Using the TaskForcer, Kimura and colleagues were able to gather in vivo whole cell recordings from the motor cortex in rats, while they learned to pull a lever to receive a liquid reward. (Isomura et al., 2009)
Selected Publications
Kimura, R. et al. Reinforcing operandum: rapid and reliable learning of skilled forelimb movements by head-fixed rodents. Journal of Neurophysiology 108, 1781–1792 (2012).
Kimura, R., Saiki, A., Fujiwara-Tsukamoto, Y., Sakai, Y. & Isomura, Y. Large-scale analysis reveals populational contributions of cortical spike rate and synchrony to behavioural functions: Large-scale analysis of cortical spike synchrony. J Physiol 595, 385–413 (2017).
Nonomura, S. et al. Monitoring and Updating of Action Selection for Goal-Directed Behavior through the Striatal Direct and Indirect Pathways. Neuron 99, 1302-1314.e5 (2018).
Aoki, R. et al. Phase-dependent activity of neurons in the rostral part of the thalamic reticular nucleus with saccharin intake in a cue-guided lever-manipulation task. Brain Research 1658, 42–50 (2017).
Terada, S., Sakurai, Y., Nakahara, H. & Fujisawa, S. Temporal and Rate Coding for Discrete Event Sequences in the Hippocampus. Neuron 94, 1248-1262.e4 (2017).
Masamizu, Y. et al. Two distinct layer-specific dynamics of cortical ensembles during learning of a motor task. Nature Neuroscience 17, 987–994 (2014).
Hori, Y. et al. Ventral striatum links motivational and motor networks during operant-conditioned movement in rats. NeuroImage 184, 943–953 (2019).
